The Failure of the North American Free Trade Agreement Essay

The Failure of the North American Free Trade Agreement In December of 1992, Presidents Salinas (Mexico), Bush (U.S.) and Prime Minister Brian Mulroney of Canada signed the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA). The Mexican legislature ratified NAFTA in 1993 and the treaty went into effect on January 1, 1994, creating the largest free-trade zone in the world. NAFTAs promoters promised 200,000 new jobs per year for the U.S., higher wages in Mexico and a growing U.S. trade surplus with Mexico, environmental clean-up and improved health along the border. The reality of the post-NAFTA surge in imports from Mexico has resulted in an $14.7 billion trade deficit with Mexico for 1998. By adding the Mexican trade deficit†¦show more content†¦Of the 67 companies studied, 60 had not created jobs or even increased their exports to Mexico. When we look at the goods exported from the U.S. to Mexico, we must understand that the figures used do not mean goods to be sold in Mexico. Most of the figures released by the government include what is termed as ?industrial tourism?. This means we send goods to Mexico to be assembled in their low wage plants and then re-imported into the U.S. as finished products. (2) A significant portion of the jobs lost to Mexico due to NAFTA are in the higher wage sectors of manufacturing. Many of these are in the automobile and electronics industries. The latest government data shows that 70% of the jobs lost were in manufacturing. The U.S. has gone from a pre-NAFTA manufacturing trade surplus of $4.6 billion with Mexico in 1993 to a $8.9 billion deficit in 1998. Imports from Mexico have increased 129% since NAFTA went in to effect. (3) According to the U.S. Department of Labor, approximately 214,902 American workers have been certified as having been laid off due to NAFTA. These numbers do not take into account the workers displaced out side of the factories. When a plant closes and moves to Mexico it is not only the line worked who is affected but also the entire community. One must look at the retailers who have to layoff works due to decreased sales; restaurants and all service industries tied to the consumer are affected. These workers are notShow MoreRelatedThe Free Trade Agreement854 Words   |  3 PagesThe Free Trade Agreement (FTA) as well as the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) were failures. The North American Free Trade Agreement was one of the most controversial documents of the 20th century, beginning January 1st 1988.1 The reason it was so controversial was because it was loved in some ways yet hated in others. One of the reasons why the FTA and NAFTA were failures is due to the fact that Prime Minister Brian Mulroney lost a lot of votes caused by the amount of voters that disapprovedRead MoreTaking a Look at the FTAA and the NAFTA907 Words   |  4 Pagesnegotiations saw little progress towards the overarching goal of removing trade barriers with regards to services and goods. The FTAA was never meant to fuse the economies of states of the Western Hemisphere, but instead help the movement of free trade in the region, as countries were already initiating free trade agreements and custom unions through bilateral or regional treaties, which allowed the building of connections between North, South and Latin America. The FTAA was meant to provide better organizationRead MoreThe Trans Pacific Partnership Agreement983 Words   |  4 PagesPartnership Agreement Liberalism asserts several tenets that explain the United States’ people’s failure to approve of a potential trade agreement, the Trans Pacific Partnership. Classical Liberalism refers to a series of concepts which are contingent upon individual autonomy. The Trans-Pacific Partnership Agreement (TPP) refers to a proposed free trade deal amongst 12 countries across the Asia-Pacific region including the USA. The tenets of liberalism that explain the people’s failure to approveRead MoreHistory Of CAFTA-DR924 Words   |  4 PagesWhat, Where, and How’s The Central American Free Trade Agreement is an expansion of the North American Free Trade Agreement and is the largest free trade agreement. It expanded by including five Central American nations. 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Regional integration combined with global business supports organizations conducting business globally amongst a variety of countries byRead More Free Trade Agreement and Its Affect on Canadian Business Essay1327 Words   |  6 PagesFree Trade Agreement and Its Affect on Canadian Business With the coming of the Free Trade Agreement (FTA) there have been very serious implications for Canadian business and for that matter, Canada as a whole. Many aspects of the previous economic climate have changed such as the reduction or eliminatation of tariffs and the restrictions on subsidies to name only a few. There has been much heated debate on the pros and cons of this deal: whether Canada will prosper or become the 51stRead MoreThe Failure Of The Economic Collapse Of Flint, Michigan865 Words   |  4 PagesAs metropolitans continue to grow at exponential rates, the collapse of industrial cities such as Flint, Michigan have been a result of the destructive nature of three economic policy initiatives: The North American Free Trade Agreement, the repeal of the Glass-Steagall Act, and welfare reform. In this paper I will examine the ways in which federal economic policies have served as a catalyst to the economic stress that led one of America’s historical industrial cities to be faced with a contaminated

Professionalizing Geography - 1272 Words

Andrew Singer History of Geography Dr. Sechrist Professionalizing Geography Geography is field of study that has come a long way in history. It not as old as some of the other studies that were developed so many years ago but it has certain grown into professionalized discipline. Geography was very general in the beginning but as it grew disciplines then became available at the University of Berlin. All this and much more has contributed to becoming the recognized profession it is today. There were several figures and there careers that really helped get geography professionalized. This included Paul Vidal de la Blache (Vidal), William Morris Davis, Halford Mackinder and Friedrich Ratzel. They have had big contributions to geography†¦show more content†¦One needs to have that connection between time and place which can be brought forth by the connection between history for time and geography for place. Mackinder made major head way with the release of his first major work, Britain and the British Seas which was an example of a regional study in global context. This in return led to his famous lecture at the Royal Geographical Society on â€Å"The Geographical Pivot of History†. This was important because this is where he introduced his Heartland Theory. This can be explained as Who rules East Europe commands the Heartland, who rules the Heartland commands the World-Island, who rules the World-Island controls the World. The model is based on selecting a few facts of a location and a few sequences of events and ignores complicating details. It cannot provide a precise blue print of things to come, yet it cannot be completely ignored (All Possible Worlds 215). The last of these 4 contributors of professionalizing Geography is Friedrich Ratzel. Ratzel was German Geographer who was around during the time of the New Geography in German. This was touched upon in the beginning of this paper. The New Geography in Germany was huge due to the new fact that TheShow MoreRelatedThe Business Case for Corpor ate Social Responsibility: a Review of Concepts, Research and Practice15551 Words   |  63 Pagessome limited discourse about CSR. Frank Abrams, a former executive with Standard Oil Company, New Jersey, introduced concerns about management’s broader responsibilities in a complex world (Abrams 1951). Abrams argued that, as management was professionalizing, companies had to think not just about proï ¬ ts but also about their employees, customers and the public at large. And Howard R. Bowen published his seminal book, Social Responsibilities of the Businessman in 1953 (Bowen 1953). Bowen’s book wasRead MoreTerrorism in Southeast Asia17760 Words   |  72 Pagesporous borders, minimal visa requirements, extensive networks of Islamic charities, and lax financial controls of some countries, most notably Indonesia and the Philippines.7 Over time, Al Qaeda’s presence in the region has had the effect of professionalizing local groups and forging ties among them—and between them and Al Qaeda—so that they can better cooperate. In many cases, this cooperation has taken the form of ad hoc arrangements of convenience, such as helping procure weapons and explosivesRead MoreVietnams Bank Risk Management33687 Words   |  135 Pagesmanagement. (Crouhy, Galai Mark 2006, 207-324) Does the borrower have a repayment strategy? What other services are needed by the borrower? Motivation: Why does the company need to borrow? Does the lender have an appetite for the industry geography? Is the risk reward ratio acceptable? (Credit Culture) Business and Strategy Review: Does the company have a clear sense of direction and how to get there? Is it doable? Management Competence, depth Analysis: integrity, Financial StatementRead MoreI Love Reading Essay69689 Words   |  279 Pagesin the following chapter. Examples include community credit networks, forms of reciprocal social support, apprenticeships, business networks, the availability of markets as well as the influence of factors such as migration, in part influenced by geography. A web of social interdependence along with ‘contact with other professionals, sharing a particular body of values†¦a sense of belonging and by the very nature of the alliances, sharing a community of interests’ (Melvin Weber) are a part of such informal

COPD in Australia vs Egypt-Free-Samples for Students-Myassignment

Question: Discuss about the COPD in Australia vs Egypt. Answer: Incidence and prevalence of COPD in Australia: COPD or chronic obstructive pulmonary disorder can be defined as one of the most alarming public health disorders among the aging population, whoever this is a disease that targets almost all of the different age groups. COPD is an umbrella terms that encompasses emphysema and chronic bronchitis that restricts the passage of air across the bronchial tubes. This leads to shortness of breath or dyspnoea and can cause life threatening exacerbations in the patient. Hence the mortality of this disease in extremely high in many developing nations, and it continues to be a huge health and wellbeing risk for the society till date. Considering the picture for Australia, the figures and statistics of the diseases indicates that in the past couple of years the number of deaths due to COPD had been as high as 7100 in Australia. According to the report of Australian Institute of Health and Welfare (2018), COPD and its related exacerbations and complications have been considered as the 5th leading cause of mortality in the nation. Although, the incidence rate of the disease in this nation for COPD differs when compared to the prevalence rates. There is a significant difference between the incidence rate and the prevalence rate of a particular co-morbidity in case of a particular nation. Whereas, incidence rate indicates at the number of new acquisition of the disease in healthy patients on an annual basis, prevalence indicates at the total number of incidence of the disease in the nation. In case of Australia, the incidence rate of COPD for the patents over the age of 40 years is 13.7%; however in case of the patien t population belonging to the age group of 75 years and above, the incidence rate is almost 30%. Now comparing the broad picture, it can be mentioned that for Australia, the total number of people reported with COPD is 750000, among which 70000 are at high risk of further exacerbations and complications. Hence, the entire picture predicts a scenario where one in seven citizen either has the disease or is at high risk of the disease in the near future. The primary reason behind COPD persisting as a health priority concern in the nation is the high tobacco usage in the county. Furthermore, approximately 20% of the total population in Australia belonging to the age group of 15 and above have been reported to be active smokers; this data indicates at the most plausible reason behind the increased vulnerability and risk of acquainting COPD for Australia (Lungfoundation.com.au.. 2018). Prevalence and mortality rate due to COPD in Australia (Australian Institute of Health and Welfare., 2018) Incidence and prevalence of COPD in Egypt: Considering the statistics of the Egypt, it has to be mentioned that the impact of the COPD on the mortality rates of that developing nation is also extremely high. According to the government reports and statistical reviews on the fact, many reviews have rated COPD as the fourth most common and impactful cause of death in the nation. The mortality rate of the disease in the country is 18.2% due to COPD and the rates have been rising alarmingly. According to Global-disease-burden.healthgrove.com. (2018), it has to be mentioned that the mortality rate in Egypt for COPD is 48.3 per 100000 people and there is slight different in the mortality rates of men and women when it comes to this particular disease. On a more elaborative note, it has to be mentioned that this disease is for the men, the death rate of men was 2,582.3 per 100,000 men in 2013, for women it had been 1,154.6 per 100,000 women, indicating at the higher mortality rates for men when compared to women for COPD in Egypt. The diseases attain its peak in terms of prevalence over the age of 80 years for both men and women for this country. It has to be mentioned that the mortality statistics for the disease in case of the COPD is higher in case of Egypt with 48.3 per 100000 figures, where as the rest of the world falls around approximately 40 per 100000 men. Hence both the incidence rate and prevalence rate is higher in Egypt than in Australia, and the prevalence of the disease far higher in the rural and underdeveloped areas (Fawzy et al., 2016). Incidence rate and prevalence of COPD in Egypt (Global-disease-burden.healthgrove.com., 2018) While comparing the data that has been gathered and analysed above, it can be easily stated that the incidence and prevalence of the disease in extremely higher in case if Egypt than in comparison to Australia. It has to be mentioned in this context that the greater burden of this disease is intricately associated with different socioeconomic marker of health and the disparity in the health and other related social privileges that both of the nations are privy to. One of the greatest contributing factors behind the occurrence or prevalence of this disease is associated with the prevalence of smoking and tobacco addiction. The smoking rate in Egypt is as high as 49 % and around 5.4 million deaths is caused by in this nation directly or indirectly due to heavy smoking. Elaborating more, it has to be mentioned that smoking damages the alveoli, airways, and the lung parenchyma, in turn complicating theair passage and the aspiration and expiration process in turn. As smoking is a signific antly high contributing factor to deteriorating the lung parenchyma and narrowing down the airways, this figure only validates the massive difference in incidence and prevalence being excessively high in Egypt than in Australia (Badway et al., 2016). Along with that the lack of proper employment framework and lack of health literacy in the rural areas contribute to high poverty and in turn lesser access to better and more advanced health infrastructure in the country. The individual mortality due to COPD in Egypt is 12.4% higher in rural areas than the urban counterpart, and the reduced lifestyle quality, poverty and lack of health literacy is a significant contributing to the disparity in this scenario. Lastly, another major contributing factor to this scenario is the exposure to bio-fuel being high in case of most of the areas in Egypt which further aggravates the vulnerability of this population to COPD and other related health disorders (Jones et al., 2012). Considering the employment patterns and statistics of Egypt, almost 25.09% of the total manpower of the nation is engaged in the industrial sector. These chemical amd bio-fuel industries impose a great exposure risk to chemical dust, fumes and burning fuel. Acprding to the research prolonged and persistent exposure to such chemical wastes can damage the airways of the workers if necessary measures are not taken. The exposure risk and damage in turn increases the risk for COPD effectively. The health literacy and understanding of the different promotional and preventative behaviour is lower in the rural areas and hence the understanding of wearing protective gear among this population is also low. Therefore, this enhanced exposure to bio-fuel and chemical waste to a vast section of the population is also a facilitating factor behind the enhanced COPD prevalence and incidence. Hence, on a concluding note, it can be stated that the above mentioned socio-economic and demographic determinants are the causing agent behind the disparity among the COPD incidence and prevalence in both of the countries. References: Badway, M. S., Hamed, A. F., Yousef, F. M. (2016). Prevalence of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) in Qena Governorate.Egyptian Journal of Chest Diseases and Tuberculosis,65(1), 29-34. Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease in Egypt. (2018).Global-disease-burden.healthgrove.com. Retrieved 26 March 2018, from https://global-disease-burden.healthgrove.com/l/46059/Chronic-Obstructive-Pulmonary-Disease-in-Egypt COPD (chronic obstructive pulmonary disease), How many die from COPD? - Australian Institute of Health and Welfare. (2018).Australian Institute of Health and Welfare. Retrieved 26 March 2018, from https://www.aihw.gov.au/reports/asthma-other-chronic-respiratory-conditions/copd-chronic-obstructive-pulmonary-disease/contents/how-many-die-from-copd COPD: The statistics | Lung Foundation Australia. (2018).Lungfoundation.com.au. Retrieved 26 March 2018, from https://lungfoundation.com.au/health-professionals/clinical-resources/copd/copd-the-statistics/ Distribution of COPD-related symptoms in the Middle East and North Africa: Results of the BREATHE study.(Report). (2012).Respiratory Medicine,106, S25-S32. Erbas, Bircan, Ullah, Shahid, Hyndman, Rob J., Scollo, Michelle, Abramson, Michael. (2012). Forecasts of COPD mortality in Australia: 2006-2025.BMC Medical Research Methodology,12, 17. Fawzy, M. S., Hussein, M. H., Abdelaziz, E. Z., Yamany, H. A., Ismail, H. M., Toraih, E. A. (2016). Association of MicroRNA-196a2 variant with response to short-acting 2-agonist in COPD: an Egyptian pilot study.PLoS One,11(4), e0152834. Jones, Paul W., Shahrour, Naem, Nejjari, Chakib, Lahlou, Aicha, Doble, Adam, Rashid, Nauman, Hasnaoui, Abdelkader El. (2012). Psychometric evaluation of the COPD assessment test: Data from the BREATHE study in the Middle East and North Africa region.(Clinical report).Respiratory Medicine,106, S86-S99.

The Griesly Wife, Frankie and Johnny and The Ballad of Charlotte Dymond Essay Example

The Griesly Wife, Frankie and Johnny and The Ballad of Charlotte Dymond Paper The Griesly Wife is a great poem which reveals a significant moral in life. This ballad says that forcing a woman into something which you desire and she does not is a wrong thing; there are different consequences and results of your off-balance actions. The poem has us paying attention to a serious scenario which teaches us a lesson. This ballad has a man punished for his mislead mistakes, having not known that his wife was not ready to be in his arms just yet. Emotions and feelings are thoroughly twisted to hold the readers attention. This poem is the original version unlike stories which change along the line. There are descriptions about the night and how the newly married bride ran away. She ran away barefooted as she did not want to wake the man, this was the purpose of the bride. In the third stanza we can understand that the man tries to catch up with the wife but he cant. As he cannot find his wife he gets angry. He trod the trail wherever it turned means that he searched everywhere for his wife. His wife had travelled a distance barefooted as this is mentioned in the second stanza The young wife went with never a word barefooted to the door. He was alone on the path, but he still kept up the search. He attempted every more and kept on eye on the footsteps as the floor was buried in snow. Echoes and voices bounced back at him, this is a translation to And still he called her name but only the dingoes of the hill yowled back at him again. As the search went deeper and deeper through the night, the man realizes he was following the steps of an animal, thoughts and questions must have appeared in his head, but the poor man knew it was too little too late. We will write a custom essay sample on The Griesly Wife, Frankie and Johnny and The Ballad of Charlotte Dymond specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on The Griesly Wife, Frankie and Johnny and The Ballad of Charlotte Dymond specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on The Griesly Wife, Frankie and Johnny and The Ballad of Charlotte Dymond specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer His head was telling him one thing, but his heart was saying another, the man was suffocating with emotions, the poem penalizes love and romance but it shows clear declarations that love is blind and lying results to major consequences as he dies from the hands of his wife/werewolf. Frankie and Johnny is a classic olden ballad which tells us about a woman who shoots her lover for cheating. Its based on a true story and has been rewritten by countless writers; this has been an outstanding ballad through many pages of life. The poem has many fabulous features about it such as refrain in every paragraph, but this changes as the poem progresses. Frankie and Johnny were loving lovers, and the poem also says that They swore to be true to each other and they are compared to a simple simile As true as the stars above. That simile has two truths to it, 1) the stars are really true and so are Frankie and Johnny. 2) The stars are said to be true but they arent, which means Frankie and Johnny arent. Number 2, is a form of oxymoron as stars are generally true but in this case they are not. Another fantastic feature is that there is rhyme forced on the line of every two sentences. This makes sure that the ballad flows properly. It has a steady beat to the poem which makes it a lively poem. The poem builds itself slowly and it exposes the truth hidden behind the words of Johnny. The truth is that Johnny was having an affair with another girl called Nelly Bly; this is said in stanza 3. In paragraph 4 it reveals Frankies anger as she carries a gun with her while shes trying to track down Johnny. Then in stanza 6, the wait is over and Johnny is seen by the eyes of Frankie, she peeps through the door keyhole and there he was on the sofa right next to Nelly Bly. The words point out that Frankie could not hold herself back anymore and her emotion pierced Johnny with a bullet. In the tenth stanza, Frankie volunteers to take her Johnny to the graveyard and she cries she wont bring him back. She was willing to go into jail and suffer for her bad sins, but maybe this relieved her and gave her a bitter peace. In one of the paragraphs the refrain is She shot her man cause he done her wrong. Those few words tell us a basic definition of the truth. A few sentences down the ballad talks of Frankies life in jail, it mentions that she has no luxury in there. She says there aint no good in a man. I had a man but he done me wrong. Her punishment was to sit in the electric chair and she was waiting there restlessly to go and meet her god. The last few lines of the poem say This story has no moral, this story has no end, this story only goes to show that there aint no good in men. This is similar to The Griesly Wife because in both ballads there is a couple in the start but, in the end there is only half of the jigsaw left. In both poems one of the two goes on the search for the other, and both poems end in a punishment, in this poem the electric chair is used and in The Griesly Wife, murder was involved. The last ballad which I am going to compare is The Ballad of Charlotte Dymond. Charlotte Dymond, a domestic servant aged eighteen, was murdered near Rowtor Ford on Bodwin Moor on Sunday 14 April 1844 by her young man: a crippled farm-hand, Mathew Weeks, aged twenty-two. A stone marks the spot. These last sentences just written was the introduction of the poem, this may have been evidence shown in a newspaper article or a magazine which involved news. The poem gave us a head start as it revealed the purpose of the poem at the beginning. The first few paragraphs described the crime scene and the day, this says it was a normal sunny day, but the victim not knowing a huge thunderstorm was slowly approaching. A similarity noticed here is that rhyme also is shown in every paragraph, in every two lines. Another sad thing noticed in the first paragraph is that it says the day was Sunday, for many Christians such as Charlotte Dymond is a day where rest is used and a visit to the local church happens, having a death on a Sunday is highly depressing for a Christian. A few paragraphs down, other techniques have been spotted, in stanza 4, her purse is repeatedly been mentioned, such as In her purse was her pride. Is this showing a sign of her cheating on him early on, is the poem asking rhetorical questions? The ballad then tells us that she is walking alongside her lover. In paragraph 6, indications of murder were occurring. Through the Sunday mist, never saw the razor, waiting at his wrist. The mist was blocking her vision literally and figuratively, a good sentence from the poet. The next paragraph talks about what happened after the incident, but how the incident happen is not told, this makes the reader feel mysterious and spooked. The poet then uses similes and metaphors in the next 2-3 paragraphs; the purpose of them is to build tension in the readers mind. Your face the colour of clay. This brings a strong image of remorse and sorrow. In another line there is rhyme used in the same line, this is good use of rhyme as it turns pressure on your thoughts. Take me home cried Charlotte, I lie here in the pit. This makes Charlottes voice come through and it breaks through the thread of silence which kept the poem to a low tone level. The screaming from Charlotte creates drama and the atmosphere would suddenly rise. My naked neck is split. This brings up a sexual image of Charlotte, but keeping in mind she is screaming, so this phrase is not used for pleasure. The paragraphs suddenly evolved and turned into sorrow monsters, many words symbolised her idealising in death. Style and personification held a cloud over the paragraphs and for a few paragraphs there was only those two techniques ruling. This is different from the other ballads as the other ballads flowed really well in similar emotions, such as The Griesly Wife, sorrow was filling the poem and only that was there, but in this poem happiness started the poem, but that happiness transformed into grief. As Mathew turned to Plymouth. Mathew decided to make a move and escape from the prison, he thought he could be clever and run from the police, The cold and cunning constable, Up to him did go: In that sentence alliteration made sure we were back to reality, it released the ballad from the dream that personification and style were drawing. The poem says that Mathew was summoned in court and he backed up his victim and described her like natural imagery. That round her neck I drew. He said this in his explanation to the court. It says The only sin upon her skin is that she loved another. This was the reason why he decided to kill his beloved Charlotte. Another technique was then used called Oxymoron and here is how it was used They sent him smartly up to heaven and dropped him down to hell. In the last paragraph, the standard remained high as alliteration was produced, Where stands the sacred snow. And the salt sea-winds go. This poem was highly unique but again there were several similarities, in all the poems there was a man and woman but one of them got killed. Rhyme was used in every paragraph in all the poems. This is my personal opinion, the ballad that I really enjoyed reading was The Griesly wife as it was short and catchy and it seemed to be really straightforward, horror was used in the end of the poem and this became the heart of the poem, I liked the rhyme and it all did the job.

Heritage tourism definition

Introduction Heritage tourism is the aspect of experiencing destinations and activities that represent a group of people’s culture, history, and the present (Paolo, 2002). Megalithic temple of Gigantija Gozo Malta is an example of a heritage site. Primary data was obtained through interviews and interactive discussions with the head curator of Megalithic temples of Gigantija in Gozo and Malta, Mr. Kenneth Gambin. Further discussion was also held with another official, Mr. James Aquilina.Advertising We will write a custom report sample on Heritage tourism definition specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Data was also obtained from secondary sources that included websites, books, and literature from the libraries and other academic publications (Heritage Malta, 2008). This report identifies the resources and visitor attractions that are present in this site. The report analyses the management of the sites and explores various ways in which sites can be improved to attract more visitors. Megalithic temple of Gigantija Gozo Megalithic temple of Heritage Malta The temples are regarded as the oldest structures standing freely and have been innovated as the culture of the residents evolves. These monuments have been in existence for approximately 7,000 years and form a wealth of artefacts that reflect the island’s history. These natural resources are as a result of man’s discovery and innovation, which have been articulated in the modern art for continuity. They consist of museums, temples and underground chambers that are very fascinating to the visitors. They portray the creativity and rich culture of the people who inhabited the place before Phoenicians arrived (Heritage Malta, 2008). Megalithic temple of Gigantija Gozo This tourist destination consists of two megathilic complex of temples that have a massive wall separating them. The monument has been preserved over the years by a series of rest oration works in the 20th century. The name Gigantija originates from the belief that the walls were built by giants who existed in the 16th century. Some of the striking features of this temple are the remains of bones from animals. This suggests that there were rituals that were carried out in the temples. They make visitors explore and learn historical and cultural aspects of the people who inhabited this destination. Excavations on the surface suggest that liquid offerings were also performed in these temples. Soft limestone was used for the altars and doors and in other decorative slabs. This facilitates creativity in the way the architectural styles are used to bring out beauty and elegance (Heritage Malta, 2008). Core resources and products in Megalithic temple of Gigantija Gozo and Heritage Malta The temples are the greatest form of attraction. Visitors want to see the architecture used in the construction of temples and appreciate the beauty depicted by this creativity. The decorations used and some of the remains form a good source of archaeological materials that are preserved to serve the needs of tourists. Paintings and sculptures, most of which have been prepared in the studio, are a common source of attraction.Advertising Looking for report on communications media? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More They are painted on stones, wood and canvas or even on copper plates. They make a bulk of the attractions. Most people from different cultures across the world communicated their emotions through the use of paintings. The temples have immovable objects that form the bulk of artefacts. They include ceramics, glass objects and even moulded metals and carved stone. Textiles are also represented in these temples including veils, flags and costumes. The way of dressing represents a community’s way of life and culture. It is a form of identification, and this has often been used as a symbol for most communities. Architecture is preserved through the establishment of a conservation studio for reference by future generations (Edgell, 2006; Heritage Malta 2008). Products Tangible products in this tourist destination include temples, their compositions and the archaeological objects. The staffs in this site also offer guided tours in which visitors are provided with a lot of information about the destination. They also offer photography filming and visitors are offered these films at a cost for every image. Visitors also have a chance to rent sites for their functions and events. This promotes awareness and generates funds for the preservation of the site. Augmented products are also available in this tourist site. They include services such as group visits that are normally organized by agents. Gift shops in which visitors can purchase souvenirs paintings and other products are also available. Visitors are also offered transport services that enable them to move within the te mples and various sites (Jones, 1999; Heritage Malta, 2008). Events are also organized to ensure that the visitors experience adventure with memorable moments. These include open days for people who love art and design to explore and learn more about this subject. Artists also visit the museums and get inspiration from the paintings and other well known artists who paint during these events. Frequent visitors are provided with membership schemes where they can attend these events at a discounted rate. They get an opportunity to experience the heritage trail evening tour and cultural tour facilitated by MCCA. These events are used to make every visit a new experience. They ensure that visitors keep coming back to enjoy the experience. They also provide a variety in the products and services offered every year. This makes individuals anticipate visits to the temples. These tourist destinations provide interactive sessions with visitors and give them an opportunity to explore and learn more about art and design. Education is provided through libraries in which teachers avail downloadable learning resources used in the sites’ museums.Advertising We will write a custom report sample on Heritage tourism definition specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Higher education is also promoted to willing students. This includes masonry heritage skills that offer learners skills on building and construction. Other short term courses that nurture professionalism in individuals are offered to ensure that learners upgrade their skills and use them to maintain and preserve cultural heritage resources (Gentile, Spiller Noci, 2007; Timothy Nyaupane, 2009). Stakeholders One of the major stakeholders to this tourist destination is the Heritage Malta that is greatly involved in managing the museums and sites. They also provide up to date collections and facilitate the events and activities run in the tourist site. This is meant to provide the best experience for visitors. Conservation and continuation for this site is maintained to ensure that the future generation will enjoy this tourism experience too (Edgell, 2006). The Malta tourism authority is also another stakeholder who holds regular meetings with Heritage Malta to plan on how to improve and promote this tourist destination. They organize for ways in which the culture can be maintained while issuing exciting packages to attract many visitors. Those who have direct contact with visitors include the tour operators, MICE section, and language schools. They work according to the stipulated parliamentary law to come up with ticketing prices. Other packages offered are decided by stakeholders who work with the marketing and advertising sections (Leighton, 2006; Heritage Malta, 2008). Visitors make up the most significant group of stakeholders. This destination attracts both the local and foreign markets that come to learn the culture of the Ggantija. Th ey are attracted by packages, events offered, and the tourism experience that they get. Students also love this destination because it offers them a wide range of reading resources and skills. The libraries and the museums offer a good learning experience in Ggantija. The minority groups and disabled representatives form part of the stakeholders. They are great beneficiaries to this tourism site. The surrounding environment to the temples consists of the local councils and neighbours. The research studies are done through the neighbouring communities. Matters such as drainage or electricity are addressed through the local councils. Therefore, they form a fundamental part of the stakeholders who promote the continuity of Ggantija. When open days and other annual events are organized, there is support from these communities. This helps in building good relationships that promote heritage tourism. The local council, Xaghra, supports the annual events organized by Ggantija (Garrod Fyal l, 2000; Sethi, 1999; Heritage Malta, 2008; Fyall, Garrod, Leask Wanhill, 2008).Advertising Looking for report on communications media? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The media channels are critical in publishing reports on the organization and in the promotion of awareness among the public. Media also comprises of the websites, the information kiosks and panels in the museums, info guides, and interactive Ds available in the sites. Social media have also been utilized to ensure that this destination attracts a wider range of markets. Other people apart from employees working there include the outsourced cleaning contractors, the security companies, and the maintenance contractors. They form part of the Ggantija community. The community also includes experts who are centralized from heritage Malta or outsourced as dictated by the needs. The European Union funds are also part of the stake holders to Heritage Malta and Ggantija. Other bodies like advisory boards are also recognized as stakeholders. Some organizations that are interested in partnership to promote the tourist destinations as they promote their products are also valuable stakeholders to the Ggantija and Heritage Malta. For instance, â€Å"I love food† is interested in combining the Maltese cuisine with the story of culture and history as a way of promoting their products and the tourist destination (McKercher Cros, 2002). Key Management issues at Ggantija Cultural heritage has become very significant in Maltese in terms of culture preservation, society and the economy. Generating revenue is one of the management functions that aim at ensuring the continuity of these tourist destinations. Revenue is generated from admission fees and donations. Other sources also include the money raised through partnerships like â€Å"I Love Food† organization that pays a fee to operate its business in the tourist areas. Open days organized to promote historical and cultural aspects of the people in Ggantija also serve as a major source of revenue (Fyall, Garrod, Leask, 2002; Heritage Malta, 2008; Hall McArthur, 1996). Revenue Ggantija obtains most of its revenue from visitor admissions fees. In the period between 2004 and 2011, the public, cultural heritage sector had a progressive rise in the revenue generated. In the period between 2004 and 2011, out of the total revenue generated, about 2.8 million Euros were allocated for the purpose of upgrading the tourist sites. Heritage Malta Admission Fees (2004-2011) 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 Euro Euro Euro Euro Euro Euro Euro Euro 2,117,980 2,867,016 3,191,663 3655,118 3867,184 3,928,250 4,920,565 4,427,945 Source: Heritage Malta sources Expenses are shared between all the sites of heritage Malta. Such expenses include marketing expenses, the amount spent on publicity and media, the experts invited to facilitate open days and annual days and the maintenance costs. The tourist sites often require upgrading and maintenance to ensure that they remain attractive to the visitors. This is a strategy for raising revenue and promoting the continuity of the sites for the future generation (Heritage Malta, 2008). Conservation of Sites The tourist sites have been receiving popularity, and the number of visitors has increased tremendously. However, the more the number of visitors, the higher the likelihood of destroying the heritage value of the sites (Cochrane Tapper, 2006; Leask Yeoman, 1999). The paintings and sculptures are conserved in the studio rooms, and attention is given to the past restoration techniques to ensure that the original state of the sculptures is maintained. Treatments are carried out through relining of the paintings, consolidating the pictorial layers, removing the worn out layers and retouching them. The treatments are done by the modern conservation standards that are more superior and long lasting than the traditional ones. A lot of emphasis has been put on preventive conservation to ensure that chances of deterioration are minimised. This is done through extensive studies on the artefacts and materials used on the archaeological sites to establish how they can be conserved. Proper use and storage of artefacts and other collections is encouraged to give them long life. Attention is also given to the textiles, books, paper and the buildings to ensure that they are preserved for the future (Heritage Malta, 2008). Security Issues Ggantija is experiencing a challenge when it comes to the issue of security. Controlling the big multitude of visitors has proved to be very difficult and often visitors go beyond the barriers that can be a threat to their safety. The schools premises are not secure either. This is because they can be easily accessed by people mostly the youths and students. This can result into thefts or even destruction of property if not well monitored. Walls are vandalized during visits, and tracking this vice is quite difficult because there are no cameras available. The only means of monitoring activities in the tourist areas is by physical checks done by the security people. This is quite a cha llenge because they cannot be present in all areas at once (Drummond Yeoman, 2001; Heritage Malta, 2008). Health and Safety The movement of the people in the tourist areas is not fully guided, and there is a risk of falling and hurting their bodies. There is no bank in Malta that is willing to insure the archaeological site thus the health and safety of visitors is not guaranteed. This situation can be resolved through a study instigated to establish the number of visitors who can be accommodated in each temple at a time. This will ensure that visitors’ safety is improved, and they can be controlled while in the temples. This will promote safety and minimise the chances of destruction and misuse of the available facilities (Heritage Malta 2008; Drummond, et al, 2000). Effectiveness of Management Tools To ensure that the management of heritage tourism sites is effective, a number of factors have been emphasized in Ggantija. First, customer focus has been used to gain a compet itive advantage. The product, people, pricing and marketing have been utilized through the use of multi media technology. People interested in visiting the site can find out information from the website and other social sites like Facebook. This gives the site popularity and increases the chances of increasing the number of visitors (Poria, Butler Airey, 2004). Offering guided tours has also been a good strategy of engaging the visitors and promoting their learning and enjoyment experience in the tourist destination. This increases the chances of future visits or even attracting many people who would love to get a similar experience. There is plenty of information through the libraries and information boards. This promotes a self guided learning in which visitors can choose their subject of interest and explore further. Brochures were initially used on the information stands. However, this has been changed; today, they are only available on the website. This has ensured waste is li mited, and visitors can access the brochures at their convenience. The films that are produced at the site are sold to the visitors. This is a good way of promoting publicity. When visitors leave the site, they are likely to influence their friends and relatives to visit the site. This is a good strategy for marketing products and service offered (Poria, Butler Airey, 2003; Whitfield, 2009). Megalithic temples of Gigantija Gozo and Heritage Malta have gained a lot of publicity through their publications including the Heritage Malta magazine. The news letters published inform readers and visitors on the activities that are in progress and offer them the new developments that would attract them. It has also established exhibition spaces that give artists an opportunity to promote public awareness, educate the public, and allow visitors to explore the culture and heritage depicted. In addition, participating in European Union programs promotes heritage culture and conservation. This i s a good strategy that ensures public recognition through participating in activities. These strategies promote good international relations, and this serves to attract visitors who in turn increase the revenue generated (Schwer, Gazel Daneshvary, 2000; Sigala Leslie, 2012). The Malta heritage site management has established a good relationship with the stakeholders, and this has attracted organizations and individuals to make donations. This promotes the continuity of the site because such donations are used to upgrade and maintain the collections and the buildings. Transfers and gifts from other entities have increased the organization’s collection, and this has resulted in a wide variety of attractions for visitors. The staffs at Ggantija offer quality services through the friendly guided walks. This gives visitors a sense of appreciation, and they have the will to visit the site once more. Education offered to professionals and youths is a good strategy of maintaining g ood relationships with the communities and improving the quality of their lives. It is a good way to give back to the society. This is especially because the organisation derives its resources from the surrounding community’s culture and heritage. Partnering with other organisations also promotes good relations (McCain Nina 2003; Whitfield, 2009). Recommendation for Management Improvement The management can coordinate the various activities in the sites to increase visitor numbers. It is recommended that an all inclusive source of information be availed (Buckley, 2004). The brochure can include information on the restaurants, the bookshops and libraries, and updates on the present heritage trails. This offers visitors more than they expect and attracts them to explore the wide variety of services and products offered. The trends experienced over the recent past suggest that visitors want to experience more than they anticipate. The temples have been there since the 1890s, an d previous visitors may not be willing to return to experience the same products and services (Smith, 2003). To ensure that visitors anticipate new experiences, features and collections can be modified to mimic the currents forms of visitor attraction. For instance, the state of the art site can be transformed into an archaeological park. This way, the originality of its collections remains while the product becomes new. This is a good strategy to stay ahead of the competitors in the competitive tourism environment (Austin, 2002; Boniface, 2003; Leask Fyall, 2006b). A visitor orientation centre is also another strategy that can be introduced to make the visitors experience memorable. They can be aided through the introduction of touchscreens spread across the whole site through gazebos, and audio visuals. This way, visitors can easily get information from these tools without having to enquire from the staff. The available education system only focuses on the youths and professional s who want to advance their skills (Timothy Boyd, 2003). Children have been overlooked, and they could be targeted to expand the revenue base through admissions and education programs. Integrating children ensures that the available resources are well utilised maximally. Security measures can be improved by ensuring that cameras are installed around the sites to monitor the activities in the tourist areas (Leask, 2010; Shackley, 1998). The environment in which these heritage sites are built provides a chance for communities to offer their cultural and historical resources (Andereck Vogt, 2000; Leask Fyall, 2006a). To ensure that these communities cooperate to promote heritage tourism, it is advisable to reduce negative social impacts. This comes as a result of foreign influence and increased populations of visitors. To ensure that this does not affect the communities, the site can introduce a code of conduct that matches the community’s way of living. This reduces the soci al impact and promotes the cultural experience (Alonso, O’neill Kim, 2010; Timothy, 2011; Timothy, 2009). Meeting and exceeding visitor expectations has been turned into a competitive advantage. Innovation and customer focus are two principle aspects to maintaining good visitor relationships and positive feedback (Hannam Knox, 2009; Ritchie Crouch, 2003). Conclusion Heritage tourism is based on the historical, cultural and natural resources that a tourist site possesses. The Megalithic temples are rich in history and culture of the past communities that developed these temples. It provides visitors with an opportunity to experience heritage tourism. The management has employed tools and strategies that have seen the site increase its revenue generation capability and upgrade to meet the current needs of the visitors. However, continued innovation to make the products and services diverse and different from the ordinary is necessary. Modifying the available collections to f it the current needs of visitors will attract visitors and promote the continuation of the site to meet the needs of the future generation. Focusing on visitor needs improves the chances of attaining a place in the inscription as a World Heritage Site. Reference list Alonso, A, O’neill, M Kim, K 2010, ‘In Search Of Authenticity’, Journal Of Heritage Tourism, vol. 5, no. 1, pp. 61-72. Andereck, K Vogt, C 2000, ‘The Relationship between Residents’ Attitudes toward Tourism and Tourism Development Options’, Journal of Travel Research, vol. 39, no. 1, pp. 27-36. Austin, N 2002, ‘Managing Heritage Attractions – Marketing Challenges at sensitive historical sites International’, Journal of Tourism Research, vol. 4, no. 6, pp. 447- 457. Boniface, P 2003, Heritage and Tourism: In the Global Village, Taylor Francis, New York. Buckley, R 2004, ‘The Effects of World Heritage Listing on Tourism to Australian National Parksâ€⠄¢, Journal of Sustainable Tourism, vol. 12, no. 1, pp. 70-84. Cochrane, J Tapper, R 2006, Tourism’s contribution to World Heritage Site management, in A Leask and A Fyall (Eds.) Managing World Heritage Sites, Elsevier, Oxford, pp. 97-109. Drummond, S, et al. 2000, Quality Issues in Heritage Visitor Attractions, Butterworth Heinemann, Oxford, UK. Drummond, S Yeoman, I 2001, Quality issues in heritage visitor attractions, Butterworth-Heinemann, Oxford, UK. Edgell, DL 2006, Managing Sustainable Tourism: A legacy for the Future, The Haworth Press, Inc., New York. Fyall, A, Garrod, B Leask, A 2002, ‘Scottish Visitor Attractions: Managing Visitor Impacts’, Tourism Management, vol. 23, no. 3, pp. 265-279. Fyall, A, Garrod, B Leask, A Wanhill, S 2008, Managing Visitor Attractions: New Directions, Butterworth Heinemann, Oxford, UK. Garrod, B Fyall, A 2000, ‘Managing Heritage Tourism’, Annals of Tourism Research, vol. 27, no. 3, pp. 682-708. Gentile, C, Spiller, N Noci, G 2007, ‘How to Sustain the Customer Experience: An Overview of Experience Components that Co-create Value With the Customer’, European Management Journal, vol. 25, no. 5, pp. 395-410. Hall, CM McArthur, S 1996, Heritage Management in Australia New Zealand, Oxford University Press, Oxford, UK. Hannam, K Knox, D 2009, Understanding tourisms: a critical introduction, Sage, London. Heritage Malta, 2008, Heritage Malta website, viewed on http://www.heritagemalta.org/home.html Jones, MA 1999, ‘Entertaining Shopping Experiences: An Exploratory Investigation’, Journal of Retailing and Consumer Services, vol. 6, no. 3, pp. 129-139. Leask, A 2010, ‘Progress in Visitor Attraction Research – Towards Effective Management’, Tourism Management, vol. 31, no 2, pp. 155-166. Leask, A Fyall, A 2006a, Managing World Heritage Sites, Elsevier Ltd, Burlington. Leask, A Fyall, A 2006b, ‘Researching the Management of Visitor Attract ions: International Comparative Study Issues’, Tourism Recreation Research, vol. 31, no. 2 pp. 23-32. Leask, A Yeoman, L 1999, Heritage Visitor Attractions – An Operations Management Perspective, Continuum, London. Leighton, D 2006, ‘Step back in time and live the legend: experiential marketing and the heritage sector’, International Journal of Non-profit and Voluntary Sector Marketing, vol. 12, no.2, pp.117-125. McCain, G Nina, J 2003, ‘Legacy tourism: the search for personal meaning in heritage travel’, Tourism Management, vol. 24, no. 6, pp. 713-717. McKercher, B Cros, H 2002, Cultural Tourism: The Partnership between Tourism and Cultural Heritage Management, The Haworth Press, Inc., New York. Paolo, RA 2002, ‘The vicious circle of tourism development in heritage cities’, Annals of Tourism Research, vol. 29, no. 1, pp. 165-182. Poria, Y Butler R Airey D 2003, ‘The Core of Heritage Tourism’, Annals of Tourism Re search, vol. 30, no. 1, pp. 238–254. Poria, Y, Butler, R Airey, D 2004, ‘Links between Tourists, Heritage, and Reasons for Visiting Heritage Sites’, Journal of Travel Research, vol. 43, pp.19-28. Ritchie, JRB Crouch, GI 2003, The competitive destination: a sustainable tourism perspective, CABI Pub., Oxon. Schwer, K Gazel, R Daneshvary, R 2000, ‘Air-tour impacts: The Grand Canyon case’, Annals of Tourism Research, vol. 27, no.3, pp. 611-623. Sethi, P 1999, Heritage tourism, Anmol Publications, New Delhi. Sigala, M Leslie, D 2012, International Cultural Tourism, Routledge, New York. Shackley, M 1998, Visitor Management – Case Studies from World Heritage Sites, Butterworth Heinemann, Oxford, UK. Smith, M 2003, Issues in Cultural Tourism Studies, Routledge, London. Timothy, DJ 2009, Cultural Heritage and Tourism in the Developing World, Routledge, New York, N.Y. Timothy, DJ 2011, Cultural heritage and tourism: an introduction, Channel View, Br istol, UK. Timothy, DJ Boyd, SW 2002, Heritage tourism, Pearson Education, Harlow, England. Timothy, D Boyd, S 2003, Heritage Tourism, Pearson Education Ltd, Harlow, England. Timothy, D Nyaupane, G 2009, Cultural Heritage and Tourism in the Developing World: a Regional perspective, Routledge, Abingdon. Whitfield, J 2009, ‘Why and How UK Visitor Attractions Diversify their Products to Offer Conference and Event Facilities’, Journal of Convention Event Tourism, vol. 10, no. 1, pp. 72 – 88. This report on Heritage tourism definition was written and submitted by user Keith V. to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Appropriate vs. Apropos vs. Apt

Appropriate vs. Apropos vs. Apt Appropriate vs. Apropos vs. Apt Appropriate vs. Apropos vs. Apt By Maeve Maddox A reader has asked for a discussion of â€Å"appropriate vs. apropos vs. apt.† All three words may be used as adjectives meaning suitable or pertinent: Your reference to â€Å"The Emperor’s New Clothes† is apropos of the way so many people conform to social expectations rather than think for themselves. I admire your apt choice of words in this article. A rating of â€Å"G† indicates that a movie is appropriate for children. Of the three adjectives, appropriate [uh-PRO-pree-it] is heard more often. Appropriate derives from the past participle of a Latin verb, a combination of ad (to) and proprius (own). Something appropriate â€Å"belongs† to someone or something. Here are some examples of current usage: How Having An Appropriate Level Of Confidence Can Better Your Life By comparing many entertainment jobs, you should be able to get a good idea of the appropriate salary. The young offender could not be questioned without an appropriate adult present Was Lohan’s courtroom attire appropriate? Note: English also has the verb appropriate [uh-PRO-pree-ATE], â€Å"to take possession of.† For example, â€Å"A section of land at St. Clements in Oxfordhas been appropriated to planning purposes to facilitate a regeneration project intended for the area.† Apt is from the Latin word aptus, â€Å"fitted, suited, appropriate.† The adjective derives from a verb meaning â€Å"to fasten, to attach.† The most common use of apt is to describe the fitness or expressiveness of language. Another meaning of apt is â€Å"ready to learn,† as in â€Å"She’s an apt student.† Sometimes apt is a synonym for likely: â€Å"Children are apt to live up to what you believe of them.† Apt can also be used in the sense of â€Å"having an unfortunate tendency, or â€Å"exposed to a risk†: Spanked kids more apt to commit crimes Study: Immigrants who live, work together less apt to learn English The adjectival use of apropos is the least common of the three. I’ve seen forum comments asserting that apropos is â€Å"never a synonym for appropriate.† A French borrowing, apropos functions more often as a preposition or as an adverb. Apropos comes from French propos, â€Å"with regard to this purpose.† As an adjective, it is a synonym for appropriate: My point is rather that it is not  apropos  in every case. The mayor called the cornflake comment â€Å"not apropos† and warned Lukaszuk to be careful of what he says. Your allusion to Josephine Tey’s bit of dialogue was very clever and funnybut not apropos As a preposition, apropos means â€Å"with reference to; concerning†: The principal remarked apropos the new regulations, â€Å"They will cost a lot to implement and do nothing to address the problem.† As an adverb, apropos is most commonly heard in the expression â€Å"apropos of nothing.† The sense is that someone’s comments or actions are completely unrelated to any previous discussion or situation. For example, â€Å"Apropos of nothing, Tom started talking about his root canal.† The usual preposition to follow apropos is of. Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Vocabulary category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:15 Terms for Those Who Tell the FutureOn Behalf Of vs. In Behalf OfCharles's Pen and Jesus' Name

Buddy Holly Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Buddy Holly - Research Paper Example It was his family who encouraged his early musical gifts, and he was able to learn playing the fiddle and the piano from a tender age, even as his older siblings taught him how to play the guitar. The family had a business in tiles, while the parents were tailors, but they all let Buddy Holly develop his musical gifts in small and big ways, providng much moral support. Then after secondary school, he formed a band, out of which he further developed his talents, until that fateful event in 1955 when he fronted for Elvis Presley who was touring through their town, and was shortly after signed to a recodring contract by an agent who saw him perform. His early work with the Crickets in 1956 and 1957 paved the way for a career as a solo artist, in 1958, but that career would prove shortlived, as he was killed in a plane crash just a year after. His most famous songs, as reflected in their landing in the Top 40, would come from his work with the Crickets before 1958, notably ‘That Wi ll Be the Day’ recorded in 1957. In all, seven songs from the Cricket era landed in the American Top 40 from that time that Holly spent as the lead of the Crickets. Without that fateful plnba crash shortening the brilliant career of Holly, he would have been in his seventies by now, and would have left as big an imprint as the other greats of rock and roll who have come after him, and who have all cited his work as instrumental in shaping the course of their own music and of rock and roll in general. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Maria Elena Santiago holds the intellectual property rights to the work of Buddy Holly and all artifacts associated with the estate, and this is due to the fact that Santiago had become Holly’s wife in 1958. It was on their first date that Holly proposed marriage, and though the widow would suffer a miscarriage, the consummation of their marriage occurred just a few

Are trauma centres best practice for the UK Essay

Are trauma centres best practice for the UK - Essay Example A look at the figures spent by NHS on treating injuries related to trauma is convincing enough to make one realise the importance of an effective trauma management, with efforts to also locate the source of these injuries (like speed driving), and effectively put a stop to them. Since road trauma is one of the major causes of death, it is also necessary for the government to take initiatives where road accidents can be reduced. During the late eighties specialists from the Royal College of Surgeons UK, had highlighted the fact that there are major flaws in the management of patients with serious injuries, and ineffective handling of the entire situation often leads to many untimely deaths, that are completely avoidable in nature. My article will examine the current conditions of trauma management and the services offered to patients in trauma within UK, and to ascertain the importance of the trauma services in this country, with main emphases on the transportation of patients using a mbulance services (pre-hospital care). Are trauma centres best practices for the UK? 1 Introduction 1.1 Background history Severe injuries, resulting from accidents like a car crash or after falling from great heights, are one of the most common causes of death amongst the UK youth. The chances of surviving the fatal accident, later followed by a complete recovery are dependent on the trauma care that the patient receives immediately after the mishap, and in the few following weeks, as he recuperates. In England and in other parts of UK, it has been observed that the most common cause of death from trauma is in case of road accidents. At an average count it has been estimated that annually there nearly 20,000 reported cases of severe trauma in England that results in an estimated 5,400 deaths, while many of the survivors suffer from long term disabilities, a majority of which are permanent in nature, thus demanding provisions for long-term care facilities (National Audit Office, 201 0, 4). The term trauma can be summarily defined as â€Å"physical injury caused by events such as road traffic accidents, falls, explosions, shootings, or stabbings. The term ‘major trauma’ is therefore used to describe multiple injuries involving different tissues and organ systems that are, or have the potential to be, life threatening. Trauma patients require specialist care from a multidisciplinary group of professionals† (The Royal College of Surgeons of England, 2007, 1). Death from major trauma (from severe multiple injuries) is a major cause in UK with almost 16000 dying in England and Wales alone each year (ibid). According to NHS Choice the term ‘Major Trauma’ may be defined as comprising of â€Å"multiple, serious injuries that could result in disability or death. These might include serious head injuries, severe gunshot wounds or road traffic accidents† (NHS Clinical Advisory Groups Report, 2010, 5). In scientific terms Major Traum a is exemplified with the use of Injury Severity Score (ISS), which gives certain values to â€Å"injuries in different parts of the body and totals

Answers to Prompt Questions Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Answers to Prompt Questions - Essay Example However, the idea of Plato that knowledge is inclined more on the non-sensible Forms contradicts his own metaphysical claim that Forms would depend upon the interpretation of the philosopher’s works. According to Irwin (154), Plato’s epistemological claim states that â€Å"these Forms are inaccessible to the senses.† While Plato expressed that his metaphysical claim is â€Å"the Form of F has properties that no sensible F can have.† However, according to Silverman, epistemology is about the acquisition of knowledge and what knowledge is (Silverman). On the other hand, metaphysics is anything which can be thought and said to be. One cannot fully endorse Plato’s theory of Forms as there are difference in interpretations and opinions of the said work. Not all knowledge is being considered as knowledge by the philosopher. It is only those people who have philosophical thoughts or the non-sensible ideas which are being considered as knowledgeable. This p roposition does not apply to those who are exerting more on their physical capabilities. Acquiring skills can still be considered as knowledgeable by other people or group of thinkers, but not Plato. The idea quite discriminate skill workers which are very much part of the society especially with regards to the economic and workforce aspect. Though what the skilled are doing is sensible, their actions are still knowledge because they are thinking what to do next on a systematic manner. In this aspect, the famous line â€Å"I think, therefore I am† by Rene Descartes can come into context (Irwin, 148-55; Silverman; Russell, 516). Plato makes people seem that knowledge is unachievable which is contradicted by Descartes. According to the latter, there is no perfect knowledge. If the idea proposed by Descartes would be considered, one can be considered knowledgeable without the need to measure up to forms or criterions. Descartes may not have proven to everyone the existence of Go d; however, he had proclaimed its existence in his works. The author stated that the knowledge which a person acquires is from a supreme being, which is God. This is supported by the statement: But after I have discovered that God exists, seeing I also at the same time observed that all things depend on him, that he is no deceiver, and thence inferred that all which I clearly and distinctly perceive is of necessity true: although I no longer attend to the grounds of a judgment, no opposite reason can be alleged sufficient to lead me to doubt of its truth, provided only I remember that I once possessed a clear and distinct comprehension of it. (Descartes & Veitch, 109) There might be no concrete evidence to prove the existence of God. Nevertheless, knowing within the self that a supreme being exists is enough to convince the self and preach about its existence or truthfulness to others. Though there is neither a concrete fact nor a distinct indication of God’s existence, Desca rtes proposed his readers to meditate and reach within the self to be freed from the doubt that is covering them from recognizing the presence of a higher power. In most if not all of the writings attributed to Descartes, there is always an indication towards the existence and acknowledgement to the things created and attributed to the power and creation of God as the Supreme Being and higher power (Russell, 515-20; Descartes & Veitch, 103-10). There will always be people who would be skeptic upon the idea of God’

Delay Aware Multipath Switching Zone Traversal (MSZT)

Delay Aware Multipath Switching Zone Traversal (MSZT) Delay Aware Multipath Switching Zone Traversal (MSZT) Approach for MANET Abstract Route discovery and data transmission in Mobile Ad-Hoc networks (MANETs) are the key procedures which influence the performance of the network. The data transmission through the discovered route with in minimum delay is considered as a major problem in the MANET. Hence this paper proposed an approach called Multipath Switching Zone Traversal (MSZT) approach to minimize average delay. In this approach, the broadcast has been converged to two zones after the initial broadcasting in order to minimize the broadcast delay. Based on the data size and the Time to Live (TTL), the data transmission is initiated via multipath or single path. Game theory approach (GTA) is a powerful mathematical tool for analyzing the strategic communications among several decision makers. Hence this paper utilizes the GTA for switching the path between inter-zonal and intra-zonal nodes for different source data to provide a successful data transmission. The simulation results show that the approach is efficien t in terms of delay, packet delivery ratio, and localization error when compared to the existing approaches. Keywords: Routing, MANET, MSZT, game theory approach, delay 1. Introduction A multi-hop wireless Ad hoc network (MANET) is composed of mobile nodes, which can communicate without any aid of centralized Infrastructure (T.Durga , 2015) The demand of different multimedia applications such as surveillance system and video on demand service over MANET has been increasing rapidly in recent years. However, it is not easy to support the data transmission according to the end-to-end delay requirements over MANETs. A number of routing protocols have been proposed for Ad hoc mobile networks to improve the QoS ((K.S.Dinesh , 2014). Most of the routing protocols use the minimum hop numbers as a metric of route cost while taking routing decisions. However they ignore the some important link capacity properties because of simplicity and ease of implementation. Each node in the network may have different traffic load and hence, nodes which have more active neighbors may experience more collisions (Rakesh Kumar, et, al., 2010). Uncertainly some of the over loaded nodes may fall on the minimum hop route, it may considerably introduce a longer delay, even though the number of nodes in the chosen route is minimum. In addition, if some of the over loaded nodes are congested; it may result in huge packet drop rates and consequent retransmission. This may increase the end – to – end delay between two end points. Thus in this paper Multipath Switching Zone Traversal (MSZT) routing approach has been proposed in order to reduce average delay. The approach reduces the number of broadcast after the initial broadcast in the network. Multipath data transmission is enabled based on the TTL and the data size. The game theory approach is used to switch the path between inter-zonal and intra-zonal nodes for different source data, which is a powerful mathematical tool. The path switching while during the data transmission provides a successful data transmission by checking the path availability. Thus this approach enhance the QoS demanded MANET applications The rest of the paper is organized as follows: Section 2 presents the recent related work on the delay aware MANET. Section 3 describes the system model of the proposed Multipath Switching Zone Traversal (MSZT) routing approach. The explanation of the Multipath Switching Zone Traversal (MSZT) routing approach is presented in the section 4. Section 5 describes the simulation results. Finally, section 6 renders the conclusion 2. Related Work (Saad M. Adam, et, al., 2013) presents an reactive routing protocols overview in terms of QoS requirements in MANET. Due to the requirements has been fulfilled for the commercial, real-time, and multimedia applications in MANET. The delay has been considered as one of the important QoS metric to satisfy the application requirements. The delay optimization approach has been presented by the authors (Syed Jalal Ahmad, et, al., 2015) for multimedia application in MANET. The Knapsack algorithm is used for buffer management to maximize and minimize the in order and out order packets simultaneously. The buffer internals are exploited and the adjusting the buffer usage dynamically makes the node to transmit the packet in the preferred order to its successive nodes. The simulation results show that the approach transmits multimedia data packet without loss and in minimum delay. (K. Sasikala,et, al., 2014) proposed the finite state machine for queue and transmission management mechanism to minimize the packet delay time in MANET. Information about the delay for each data flow in the queue is maintained in a node. A timer is fixed to each flow in a node and it has been updated dynamically. Based on the nodes characteristics the queue is controlled to minimize the packet delay. (Obaidat, M, et, al., 2011) proposes a multipath routing protocol for MANETs. The protocol establishes the route, which having the lowest delays relied upon the communication of various layers. The performance of the protocol is compared with the AODV and AOMDV. (V. R. Budyal and S. S. Manvi, 2013) presents a clever agent based on-demand QoS routing methodology in MANET. The intelligent agent utilizes the neuro-fuzzy logic aided by Q-learning. The DSR protocol has been enhanced to discover all the multiple paths and the condition of the path from source to destination. The fuzzy membership function has been optimized by the software agents and if then rules are made to take decision in the system. A cross layer design is made for delay concerned Node Disjoint Multipath AODV in Ad Hoc Network by the author (GawasMahadev A, et,al., 2014). The channel and link information has been obtained by applying the cross layer design between the MAC and routing layer. The path status has been updated subsequently by concerning the lowest delay attained at each intermediate node. The protocol is compared with the AODV and NMDR and it perform better than the other two in terms of routing overhead and packet delivery ratio. 3. Multipath Switching Zone Traversal (MSZT) The Multipath Switching Zone traversal routing approach is proposed in this paper to minimize the average delay in the network. The approach is implemented after the initial broadcast from the source. The MSZT is composed of two parts such as route discovery and path switching. 3.1 Route Discovery During the initial broadcast the source node obtains the information about the location of the destination node by using the GPS service. After the initial broadcast, the source node divides its communication range into four equal zones for further broadcasting. The node broadcast the RREQ message through one or at most 2 zones, where the broadcast should be destination oriented zone based on the location information of the destination node. Only one node must be selected in each zone for forwarding the broadcast. Alike the source node, the forwarding node also divides its communication range into four equal zones and forward the broadcast in the same manner. The process will take place until the destination node is reached. Before the data transmission via the shortest path, the Expected Transmission Time (ETT) and the TTL value has to be estimated to enable multipath through the different zones in order of increasing the packet delivery factor (PDF). Expected Transmission Time (ETT) is the time taken for transmitting a data packet successfully to the destination. The ETT is estimated based on the data size of a packet. (1) Here ETX is the expected transmission count i.e. expected number of transmissions that a node needs to transmit a packet successfully to a neighbor. The ETX can be estimated as follows (2) Where dforward is the received probes from a A dreverse is the received probes from B Where t is the average time a single data packet requires to be delivered and the t can be estimated as follows (3) The maximum Time to Live (TTL) is a timer data part in the IP header which specifies RREQ packet life time before it is discarded (Cheng-Yuan Ho,et, al., 2007). All the RREQ fields in its route cache have been maintained in order to find the route minimum Time to Live (TTL) value after TTL time expires and the information about the TTL is available in the RREP packet. If the ETT is greater than the TTL, then the packets are fragmented and then the packet has been transmitted over the multiple paths. 3.2 Path Switching Algorithm based on the Game theory Approach Game theory is a mathematical tool for analyzing and estimating how a person behaves in strategic situations. The game is composed of three fundamental components: a set of players, a set of strategies, and a set of payoffs. Nodes (players) are the decision takers in the game. The strategies are the various options available to nodes such as (TTL, node availability) (Badr Benmammar, Francine Krief, 2014). At last the utility function (payoffs) make a choice of all possible outcomes for each player. The components of the proposed game theory approach are given in the table 1. Table 1Components of the proposed Game Theory Approach After each transmission, the next hop zonal node must update the path availability (zone availability) to its predecessor node. The competition is between the multiple paths available between the source nodes to the destination node. After each successful data transmission the payoff is considered such as the availability and the TTL in order to stay on the same path otherwise path is switched to the next highest probability value of the available path. For each available path a probability value is estimated and it is formulated as follows (4) Here the total hops is the number of hops in the path and the not available hops is the number of hop which is not available for next data transmission due to the reason â€Å"the node is available for other source node in the network†. This information is updated to the source after each successful transmission. The proposed path switching algorithm based on the game theory approach is shown in the figure 1. Figure 1 Path switching algorithm based on the game theory approach 5. Simulation Results The proposed Multipath Switching Zone Traversal (MSZT) routing approach make an effort to minimize average end to end delay to enhance the network performance. The NS2 simulation has been adopted to evaluate the performance of the MSZT approach and the simulation setup is shown in the table 2. The performance of the MSZT is compared with other existing approach such as Zone Tree Routing (ZTR), Path State Routing (PSR). The metrics used to measure the performance of the proposed approach are broadcast delay, localization error and packet delivery factor. Table 2 Simulation Setup A. Performance metrics Broadcast Delay: Broadcasting is the fundamental process where the probe transmission from the source to all other forwarding nodes to arrive at the destination. The broadcast delay is the difference between the packet receiving time (prt) by destination and the packet transmitted time (ptt) from the source node. (5) Localization Error: Localization error (LE) is accounted as a one of the performance metric in the scattered network and it yields the LE of a node. (6) Where EMax is the maximum LE (7) (8) Where a is the radius based on the communication range of node i in a network model and it can be determined as follows (9) Where N is the number of nodes A is the area of the network and is the connectivity order ie the number of neighbor nodes linked to the node i The average value of LE for a network can be determined as follows (10) Packet Delivery Factor Packet delivery factor is defined as the ratio of the number of packet arrived at the destinations to those transmitted data packets by the source. (11) B. Discussion In the proposed approach the broadcast delay has been minimized by converging the broadcasting to one or at most two zones. The nodes distance increases then the broadcast delay increases simultaneously. Figure 2 shows the broadcast delay concerning the distance. The broadcast delay attained by the proposed MSZT for 10 m distance is 15 ms, while the PSR and the ZTR incurred 16ms, 19ms. Figure2 Broadcast delay The localization is directed in our approach by broadcasting towards the destination oriented zones after the initial broadcast. The increase in distance between the nodes affects the localization error. Figure 3 shows the localization error concerned with the distance. The localization error attained by the proposed MSZT for 10 m distance is 2%, while PSR and ZTR attained 16%, 18%. Figure 3 Localization error The multipath switching algorithm in the proposed approach improves the packet delivery factor by considering the TTL and path availability. When the number of group (paths) involved in the data packet transmission increases then the packet delivery factor (PDF) will decrease. While in the proposed a minimum number of zones have been utilized than the existing methods in the network. Figure 4 shows the packet delivery considering the number of groups. For 2 groups the proposed approach MSZT acquired 0.94, while the PSR and ZTR incurred 0.91, 0.83. Figure 4 Packet Delivery Factor 6. Conclusion This paper proposes a Multipath Switching Zone Traversal (MSZT) routing approach for achieving a minimum average delay in a network. The number of broadcast has been converged to two zones after initial broadcast in order to minimize the broadcast delay. Multiple paths have been selected through different nodes presents in different zone. While during data transmission the TTL and the data size has been checked to provide a successful data transmission with minimum transmission delay. Furthermore a game theory approach based path switching algorithm has been proposed after each successful data transmission to improve the delay metric for each data transmission. The simulation results show that the proposed routing approach performs better than the existing approaches in terms of Localization error, broadcast delay and Packet delivery factor References 1.Syed Jalal Ahmada , V.S.K. Reddyb, A. Damodaramc and P. RadhaKrishnad, â€Å" Delay optimization using Knapsack algorithm for multimedia traffic over MANETs†, Expert Systems with Applications, Elsevier, vol 42, issue 20, pages 6819-6827. 2. K. Sasikala, Dr. R. S. D. Wahidabanu, â€Å" Adaptive packet scheduling technique to minimize the packet delay time in MANET by maintaining a Queue for each flow through FSM Mechanism†, Journal of Convergence Information Technology(JCIT), Vol 9, No 3, 2014. 3. Saad M. Adam , Rosilah Hassan, â€Å"Delay aware Reactive Routing Protocols for QoS in MANETs: a Review†, Journal of Applied Research and Technology, Elsevier, vol 11, issue 6, pages 844-850, 2013. 4. Obaidat M, Ali M.A, Obaidat M.S, Obeidat S, Shahwan I, â€Å"A Novel Multipath Routing Protocol for MANETs†, International Conference on Wireless Communications, Networking and Mobile Computing (WiCOM), pages 1-6, 2011. 5. Cheng-Yuan Ho, Yaw-Chung Chen, and Cheng-Yun Ho, â€Å"Improving Performance of Delay-Based TCPs with Rerouting†, International conference on Communication letters, IEEE, vol 11, no 1, 2007. 6. Badr Benmammar, Francine Krief, â€Å"Game theory applications in wireless networks: A survey† International Conference on Software Engineering, Applications of Information Systems in Engineering and Bioscience, 2014. 7. V. R. Budyal and S. S. Manvi, â€Å"Intelligent Agent Based Delay Aware QoS Unicast Routing in Mobile Ad hoc Networks†, International Journal of Multimedia and Ubiquitous Engineering, vol 8, no 1, 2013. 8. GawasMahadev A, Gudino, Lucy J, Anupama K. R, Rodrigues, Joseph, â€Å"A Cross-Layer Delay-Aware Node Disjoint Multipath Routing Algorithm For Mobile Ad Hoc Networks†, International Journal of Wireless Mobile Networks, vol 6, issue 3, page 39, 2014. 11. K.S.Dinesh , â€Å"Routing Overhead Reduction and Selection of Stable Paths in MANET†, International Journal of Inventions in Computer Science and Engineering (IJICSE), vol 1, issue 9, pages 2348-3539, 2014. 12. T.Durga , â€Å"Maximizing the Network Lifetime by Using a Mobile Aware Topology Control Algorithm in MANET†, Journal of Recent Research in Engineering and Technology, pages 2349-2252, vol 2, issue 3, 2015. 13. Rakesh Kumar, Manoj Misra and Anil K. Sarje, â€Å"A Simplified Analytical Model for End-To-End Delay Analysis in MANET†, International Journal Computer Application (IJCA), no 4, article 6, 2010.

Frustration on a Deserted Island Essay

William Golding wrote a book Lord of the Flies that has his thoughts about human nature and his central idea of the theme civilization versus savagery. The book starts with kids that are stranded after a plane crashes and fight for survival. Two characters show their differences in the book known as Ralph and Jack. Golding uses these characters as a foil that will lead to the overall theme, shows how violent people get when there are no rules that control them and he also shows symbols in the book that defines each character. In the book Ralph and Jack have their differences and similarities. Ralph shows how he wants to rule in a form of civilization that will unify the group as one. But Jack opposes to the way Ralph rules, Jack wants to rule in a savage way of killing pigs to eat meat and have no responsibilities of keeping the fire going to be rescued. But they both have a common enemy known as the beast the beast has caused terror ever since they heard and thought they saw in the mountains. Making them realizes there aren’t alone in the island. Golding uses Ralph and Jack as a foil to show they don’t like their way of how they rule, so their there is a conflict that leads to the overall theme. Ralph tries to lead as a civilization and make a fire for a signal for rescue, but no one likes his idea. Jack rules with fear and savagery in his group, he tells them that he will protect them from the beast and will provide meat by killing the pigs in the island. I believe that Ralph is the better leader because he is using his knowledge on what he has learned back home of civilization. There are symbols that represent Ralph and Jack on how they act on the island. The symbol that represents Ralph based on his ideas of trying to keep the group unified is the conch. The conch represents Ralph when first used it and everyone gathered up like there were a civilization. A symbol that represents Jack is the beast in the island. The beast symbolizes Jack on his way of treating his tribe bad and killing Simon thinking he was the beast. Both characters start acting opposite to each other after Jack believes that Ralph is trying to be better than him leading to the conflicts between these two characters. Golding uses his thoughts in the book using Ralph and Jack. He shows these two characters about violence, human nature and government. He thinks that there is a part of violence in human nature but there is a government that maintains people as a civilization with laws. Golding also uses foil to lead to the overall them. He uses these two characters against each other to let people know how we need laws for civilization because savagery can overcome civilization like in the island. Without laws that we can follow, human instincts will lea to think we can do anything we want. Golding has shown many clues in the book Lord of the Flies to represent the theme of the book. He shown how the kids in the island how they used to lived in a civilized society and then being stranded in a island can make them turn into savages after living with no laws or rules.

Shaping, Chaining, and Reinforcement Schedules in Prison Essay

Shaping, Chaining, and Reinforcement Schedules in Prison: A Review Shaping, chaining and reinforcement schedules are learning theories utilized in operant conditioning to change individual behaviors. Shaping involves teaching new behaviors in steps. An individual shapes their behaviors when they are rewarded for closely or perfectly mastering a step in the behaviors modification. Chaining is the links that are made from one step to another in the behavior modification. Reinforcement schedules are the rewards and punishments given when an individual masters or refuses to master a step in the shaping of a behavior. Operant conditioning incorporates the use of shaping, chaining and reinforcing behaviors in order to create a desirable outcome in the behaviors of an individual. Shaping, chaining and reinforcement schedules are utilized in schools, homes, and prisons across the world. In the prison environment they are used to change inmate’s behaviors, and help inmates get ready to reenter society as productive members. Prisons utilize the various steps of operant conditioning to aide in changing all sorts of behaviors including anger management. Shaping and Chaining Shaping and chaining behavior is a key part of the learning theory known as operant conditioning. Operant conditioning Shaping takes place when an individual is rewarded for a acceptable response to a stimulus. In an anger management program an individual would be rewarded for the reaction to anger and the ability to manage anger. An individual would be rewarded for managing anger when presented with stimuli that triggers anger and punished when failing to manage anger when presented with stimuli that trigger anger. At first then inmate might be reward for not becoming physically aggressive when presented with the stimuli that triggers anger. Over time the inmate would not be rewarded unless management is displayed without verbal or physical aggression. The reward for the anger management displayed by inmates would decrease as the management techniques improve. Chaining would occur when the inmate is able to move from one step to another in their ability to manage their anger. Reinforcement Schedules Reinforcement schedules are the rewards and punishments utilized in conjunction with shaping and chaining in operant conditioning of behaviors.  Rewards are utilized to encourage the right responses to stimuli while punishments are utilized to consequence or discourage any responses that are not close to the desired response to a stimulus. As an individual chains the responses and shapes anger management behaviors they are rewarded and learn to utilize anger management in place of old behaviors. The use of rewards is phased out when an individual utilizes the anger management responses instead of the originally responses to stimuli that create anger. Rewards and sanctions are key to shaping any behavior (Carey & Carter, 2009). Literature Review Research shows that the utilization of positive reinforcement in inmates produces positive results in shaping behaviors (Thomas, 2001). According to Fishbein, Sheppard, Hyde, Hubal, Newlin, Serin, Chrousos, & Alesci; â€Å"Executive cognitive functioning and emotional regulation may play a key role in treatment responsively† (2009 p.419). Burdon, St. De Lore & Prendergast report that behaviorally based protocol that involves the systematic application of positive reinforcement following demonstration of a desired behavior in drug treatment programs have proven to promote the shaping of inmate behaviors (2012). â€Å"Although historically sanctions have been used as the primary method to respond to or control offenders’ behavior, research indicates that positive reinforcement should be applied more frequently than negative reinforcement when trying to change behavior† (Carey & Carter, 2009 p.9) Most experts in psychology and criminal justice agree anger is problem atic when it is too frequent, too intense, too prolonged, or managed ineffectively (Smith, Smith & Beckner, 1994). Smith, Smith & Beckner discuss a research study in which anger management workshops were utilized in a women’s correctional facility (1994). In this study women were taught anger management skills over the duration of three sessions (1994). The inmates were taught anger management skills and reported feeling better about themselves and their ability to cope with stimuli that triggers anger (1994). Reinforcement schedules are shown to be more effective in women inmates (1994). Shaping of inmate behaviors in drug treatment programs with the use of reinforcement schedules have been researched and findings have been promising (Burdon, St. De Lore & Prendergast, 2012). The shaping of anger management behaviors in inmates is possible with positive  reinforcement schedules. Inmates do well when positive reinforcements for behaviors are given (Seirn & Hanby, 2009). As Burdon, St. De Lore & Prendergast explains, inmates are constantly being given punishments and acknowledged for the negative behaviors displayed (2009). When punishments are strip away replace with positive reinforcement there is a significant change in the behavi ors exhibited by inmates (Smith & Schweitzer, 2012). Individuals receiving positive attention of behaviors exhibit more positive behaviors to get the attention desired. The same can be said in the prison setting. Individuals need to be taught new ways to deal with anger, and the prison environment offers a unique environment to reshape the very behaviors and beliefs that contributed to an individual being placed in there. Inmates imprisoned for acts of violence due to the lack of anger management skills will only reenter the prison system for the same acts if not taught a different way to cope with stimuli that triggers anger. Implementing anger management skills to inmates with anger management issues would reduce the likelihood of reentry. Shaping and chaining the way in which inmates respond to anger can result in lifelong effective implementation of anger management skills by inmates. Shaping would occur by first helping inmate identify stimuli that triggers anger. Once inmates know what triggers anger, next the teaching of anger management skills can take place. When inmates utilize the anger management skills in place of the natural reaction for situations that trigger anger, rewards would be given. By implementing reinforcements for the utilization of anger management skills inmates learn the acceptable responses to stimuli of anger. The goal would be to effectively shape the anger management skills utilized by inmates without the need for reinforcement. For example, instead of becoming violent, an inmate would walk away. Conclusion The utilization if positive reinforcement schedules have been proven to be effective in prisons across the United States. Anger management programs have not always proven to be successful within prisons. Shaping and chaining of anger can be done within the prison system through the implementation of anger management workshops and reinforcements schedules. Several studies have shown the successes of positive reinforcement with inmates. Combining anger management shaping with reinforcement schedules could prove to  increase the likelihood of success in anger management programs offered to inmates. References Butdon, W., St. De Lore, J., Prendergast, M. (2012). Developing and implementing a positive behavioral reinforcement intervention in prison-based drug treatment: Project BRITE. Journal of Phychoactive Drugs, 7, 40-50 Retrieved from http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3429341/ Casey, M., & Carter, M. Center for Effective Public Policy. (2009) Shaping offender behavior. Retrieved from http://www.cepp.com/documents/Shaping%20Offender%20Behavior.pdf Fishbein, D., Sheppard, M., Hyde, C., Hubal, R., Newlin, D., Serin, R., Chrousos, G., & Alesci, S. (2009). Deficits in behavioral inhibition predict treatment engagement in prison inmates. Law and Human Behavior, 33(5), 419-35. doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10979-008-9163-7 Serin, R., Hanby, L. Correctional Service Canada. (2009). Offender incentive and behavioural management. Retrieved from http://www.csc-scc.gc.ca/research/005008-0214-01-eng.shtml strategies. Smith, P. & Schweitzer, M. (2012). The therapeutic prison. Journal of Con temporary Criminal Justice, 28(1), 7-22. doi: 10.1177/1043986211432201 Thomas, S. P. (2001). Teaching healthy anger management. Perspectives in Psychiatric Care, 37(2), 41-8. Retrieved from http://search.proquest.com/docview/200754284?accountid=458