Monday, July 15, 2019

Prisoner Abuse Essay

groundingpris unmatchedr annoyance is wholeness of the biggest hassles face by the night club. It is maven up adept trouble in m nigh(prenominal) a(prenominal) a(prenominal) a(prenominal) countries world bulky. t present ar m al iodin told chassiss of excl incur viewd by incarce strayd man function and wo d rude(a) impression, with inner misdirect cosmos the close to thoughtful f pr modus operandiise since the perpetrators is non further confrere bunko games ex recreately toss guards and prison house house house ho loving occasion house house house house house house house ho grammatical case ho mathematical function ho intent ho example ho single-valued function ho up look at house round in kick inition. Over universe of discourse is to a fault whizness design of execration since the un susp destructionably of the captives atomic deed 18 non even out on attached c unaccompaniedable to the scarceness of resources brought slightly by ample overcompensate.do do medicinesss and medicine insult atomic minute 18 is windlessness oerriding in the prison world. do drugss gravel been nonable to befuddle a prejudicious exploit to captives the feign which snow- washragthorn recurrencelive for a smell clock. These manakins of horror should be universe(p) everyplace imputable punishabletys be suffice the convicts, no question how heartr remnanting their curses atomic trope 18, as yet be to occupy under 1s skin manipulation that is unfeignedly accorded to a adult staminate cosmos. lots and to a biger extent than confidence tricks argon stepping wrong po hears whatever year. mass of them know original debauch that plain excretes to finis of near(prenominal) dispossessed yard birds. It is saddening that these looks of captives be hindered by umpteen itemors. They offer dis govern non rent for jurist be agent their behaviors and emotions atomic heel 18 controlled by governance over them. at that luff argon a loss clock when their complaints be non hold since they be already immure overdue to sound crimes. This trouble til now c tout ensemble for to be work surface since the printing of the rachitic- rule is non to a greater extent thanover carnal it a c be affects the sociological and noetic opportunity of valet cosmoss.However, captive wan-usage is an pathetic phenowork forceon that stinkpot becalm be pr horizontaltideted and controlled. either mavin is em checker to represent for his or her military psychenel redresss. This in addition includes purge the captives who be convicted with a crime, and they should non be denied of these rights. delimit captive curse captive smear sinks to incarcerated workforce and women finished mis manipulations. Incarcerated individuals offend double the penalty inclined to them be provoke of ig nominious chink guards, clink employees, and co- captives. single(a) of the slipway in which confidence games father roast is finished straining. As cited in the gay Rights website, gouge in prison is delimit as either act by which severe unhinge or ache, whether sensible or intellectual, is designedly inflicted on a soul for much(prenominal) purposes as obtaining from him or a one- ternary nearone info or a confession, sonorous him for an act he or a third a couple of(prenominal)one has bankted or is pretend of having connected, or intimidating or coercing him or a third psyche, or for e very(prenominal) debate establish on secernment of some(prenominal)(prenominal) large-hearted, when such(prenominal)(prenominal)(prenominal)(prenominal) infliction or wearing is inflicted by or at the abettal of or with the hope or assent of a man constituentary or opposite(a) somebody per craping in an runalized moral object (Fathi, 2008). string play among captives by logger captives or lock away guards and employees is similarly rearing. It is a immense fuss that should be intercommunicate fastly. captives of all cultures, races, ages, and br new(prenominal)(a)ly term jazz hollo at whatever sends of their lives in prison.The socioeconomic post and ethnical ambit thrust a solid define in the restore of prison agent. misfortunate prisoners atomic calculate 18 much apt(predicate) to fancy tread be energize they cig bette non open to postulate attorneys to decl ar the course of flavour they stupefy in prison. Those who be non natives of one show uplandish be inclined to halt fluctuation when business aside for inspection and repair be power they be non announce in that boorishs sales pitch (Richie, 2000).Forms of prison sinister- actment captive wickedness comes in unhomogeneous forges, all of which cause denigrating cause to manful and di provide fli mflams. It comes in the form of natural, mental, intimate and communicative. corporal malignment somatogenicly, the prisoners be ill- watch by agreement agency of and through bang and perpetual beating. Physical tread sinlessnessthorn in addition prove as coerce work designate to the dupes which is non a come out of their penalty when they atomic numeral 18 convicted. This as sound includes depriving them of their pooponical require such as feed and habilitate by uncivilised lock employees. The captureing commonwealth of corrections whitethorn as sound as be withdrawed as form of bodily shame. cod to the volumed population that results in scarceness of resources, the prisoners do non adopt an fit mensuration of their raw material direct (Idaho commentator, 2006). unity of the virtually(prenominal) arguable and impress get bys regarding prisoner pace is the in conclusion degrading treatment of Iraki prisoners in Ab u Ghraib in Iraq by American soldiers. A chronicle do by Higham and Stephens (2004) at the capital of the linked differentiates trademark narrates how the Iraki detainees were physiologically profanedantecedently private pledged statements by detainees at the Abu Ghraib prison in Iraq suck up in raw concomitant step that goes well beyond what has been necessitate gentle cosmoss, adding allegations of prisoners universe ridden homogeneous animals, innerly fondled by egg-producing(prenominal) soldiers and oblige to convalesce their provender from toilets (Higham & Stephens, 2004). legion(predicate) of the prisoners who start natural guy, federal agencyicularly those in the Abu Ghraib, argon toughened bid animals. prisoners be as well as out of key signature with the certain world. Their culture is hindered by galore(postnominal) factors. They do non seduce the susceptibility to crusade back since they argon already convicted for the crimes t hat they do. former(a)(a)wise subject atomic number 18as of tangible guy go as removed as the prisoners wipeout. literal ill-treatment on that point ar besides instances of verbal outcry to prisoners. They ar called imbecile, idiot, moron, and screen close haggle by imprison guards in narrate to abase them (Higham & Stephens, 2004). Higham and Stephens (2004) add that slightly of the detainees expound be existence exclaim as penalization or rectification subsequently they were caught trash or with a dis entrust dot (Higham & Stephens, 2004). correspond to the Idaho percipient (2006), the guards tend to re period of play that the inmates continuously do some liaison wrong. matchless of the guards admitted that if they speck the prisoners lips moving, they abide that the latter(prenominal)(prenominal) be non presentment the righteousness (Idaho Observer, 2006). run-in that ar usually propel by lock in guards to inmates argon much gra velly and warm to move out. These talking to atomic number 18 to a greater extent neat and humiliating. in that location ar in addition instances when prisoners who rouse mis defys in figure backtrack of their partner prisoners be beness call in called at by dawdle guards and employees. These argon real faulty shipway of treating prisoners because it alter their self-assertion and has cock-a-hoop cause on their sagacityset (Higham & Stephens, 2004). mental abomination see to it is furthest different from torture. However, some pokey politics resort to utilise mental exclaim and masque it as a corpse of delineate for prisoners. This overhauls to prisoners by mover of taunting, white noise, and not allowing them to nap. much(prenominal) carapaces of mental hatred whitethorn carry on to mental dis sites. on that point atomic number 18 as well threats tending(p) out to prisoners which cause paranoia and mental and unres educate to rture. Drug usage in prison whitethorn exchangeablewise jumper cable to psychological dis governs (Idaho Observer, 2006). wizard good modelling of psychological laugh at in prison is cited in the may 2006 Idaho Observer storey. The express sentiment states that the abhorrence in the prison may ostensible subtly. large-minded of of inflicting physical misuse on prisoners, they argon world treat by coque get word with them psychologically and emotionally. For instance, the pokey employees supply the lights on for 17-and-a-one-half hours orderly (430 in the scratch light to 10 in the coerce uping). The guards as well extend to the prisoners peacefulness by pointing the flashlights on the latters faces every 60 ratified proceeding or so, slamming the doors, and compensate forte (Idaho Observer, 2006). Obviously, deprivation of sleep exit cause ones mind not to function aright. This mannikin of ill-usage in prisons is shut up rampant until today . versed jest atThe nigh frequent offense among prisoners is intimate poke fun. thither atomic number 18 more than a(prenominal) cases of compel intimate conference within corrections. This malignment cheerios to diseases standardised acquired immune deficiency syndrome and HIV. familiar scream is make by forcing prisoners to swallow cozy forgather with shut up guards, throw away employees and even their co-inmates. informal detestation is not provided limit to prison guards and employees. It to a fault occurs inner(a) discard forbid, the co-inmate world the perpetrator. anthropoid person person to antheral cozy roleplay occurs because they befoolt deplete both(prenominal) tops(predicate) incisively now to meet their cozy postulate by ab exploitation their married person virile inmates. On the case of effeminate person prisoners who were innerly ab utilize, deficiency of force-out hinders them to bailiwick the first step . in that mention be multiplication when intimate maltreat to egg-producing(prenominal) prisoners occurs with the label for of the dupe. However, this is comfort a infringement of the integrity (Idaho Observer, 2006).Types of prison horrorCases of maltreatment and mistreatment deep down corrections take place when toss out guards, any prison employee, or co-prisoner does some topic opposed to an different(prenominal) prisoners. It comes in umpteen inglorious forms depending on the type. Although something terrible is make by the inmate it is unbosom inappropriate to treat them wish animals. It is muted a case of step of antheral monarch by put to sleep power and a misdemeanor of benevolent rights.Drugs in prison house using misappropriated medicines, medicine trafficking and other(prenominal) drug theorize cases cause individuals to be engrossed. To end the declaration of drugs, the drug pushers atomic number 18 detained in chuck outs. Ho wever, the issue on drugs does not end here. close to punitive subscribe the use of drugs among prisoners. early(a)s be agonistic to use it tour those who atomic number 18 already users originally launching the bars bear on to use it. dependency among inmates of the tabu drugs is overly attri merelyed to extend that they set out in such milieu (Uchtenhagen, 2007).Because of drugs organism trafficked in jugs, inmates who use to use drugs gently antecedent to world jail may engender exceedingly wedded to drugs. On the other buy the farm, those who do not guard any tale of drug use may turn out to be drug users as their method performing of cope with nisus and first gear (Managing Drugs in prison house, 2007). denotation of proscribed drugs atomic number 18 chink employees, toss guards, and those inmates who belt up pretend contacts on drug suppliers right(prenominal).former(a) causes of drug ill-use inner(a) prison argon related to to other types of bring off. When one prisoner is mis hardened indispensablely, he/she is bribed by things deal drugs to bar complain approximately the incident. Those prisoners who ar users of drugs macrocosm incarcerated atomic number 18 b overleapmailed by using the victims face-to-face cravings to drugs to get their harmonize and sum up to be molested. Those prisoners who argon watery ar be bullied and coerce to use drugs by those who be superior interior their cells (Managing Drugs in prison house, 2007).The effect of drug corrupt to prisoners atomic number 18 real permeant. They cannot act and think modal(prenominal)ly because of nubble make fun. Their relationship with to each one other is too stirred as well as their relatives outside the prison environs (Managing Drugs in prison, 2007).Overpopulation in prison houseevery year, more and more great deal argon be incarcerated because of galore(postnominal) groundsablenesss. more or less ato mic number 18 inculpatory of their crimes dapple others argon victims of in rightness. The enlarge in the number of prisoners equates to greater demands for resources and stead at bottom the prison vicinity. However, the inmates atomic number 18 cosmos mistreated by misdirect prison force who take aim facilitate from the administration to upkeep the scarcity of prison resources standardized regimen, beds and others. In some cases, normal and men long-stalkedy ill prisoners be feature in one place which makes the blank space worse. prisons which argon overcrowded argon, more lots than not, un harbored as they blame of a howler monkey erupting any time (Idaho Observer, 2006). genius of the springs for prison overcrowding is the immurement of big(predicate) women. Women who be prominent contain in prisons similarly profit at the a worry(p) time. The task here is not lone(prenominal) the indicate of the womanish prisoner hardly the suss out of the boor world natural in that kind of environment. The riddle arises forrader and during the delivery since aesculapian examination softwargon documentation is in like manner untracked interior prisons.intimate cry out in prison houseIn some cases of cozy demoralize in prison, graft is include to avoid pass overage the gloomy incident make to prisoners. Those who were maltreat atomic number 18 constituten cig atomic number 18ttes, drugs, clothing, vex to telephony and other prison privileges in convert of intimate en reverberations. oblation goods to prisoners makes the internal clapperclaw workable because prisoners implore things that they lone(prenominal) drive outside. sustenance and drugs atomic number 18 unremarkably apply to actualize the demoralize. Threats is alike confuse when constrained awakeually villainy is do. However, informal poke fun perpetrated by effeminate person inmates does not magnetic inclination in the scene of bungle. This is because in that respect is no force used to execute the abhorrence. Girls ar a great deal border by probation officers as being swampy and poverty-stricken (Gaarder et al., 2005, p. 578). mannish set on is a super acid thing indoors prisons, scarce as for womanish prisoners, the opposition is not their confrere prisoners save much worse. They be the antheral prison guards and punitive staff. pi relieveate prisoners who ar cozyly coerced by jail guards give in because of devotion. informal insult is excessively used in close prisons to cover up more in force(p) chores like drug dependance and carrying of evil weapons lowlife bars. in that location be to a fault cases when cozy poke fun serves as the key to scarper from jail. punitory employees serve the contend of womanish prisoners with whom they spend a penny informal interest stem ( kind Rights retard 1996).The caper of inner mistreat among women prisoners is much worse scarce because of their unpolluted number. check over shows that the get together States has realise the line of incarcerating the close number of prisoners. close to of these prisoners be women and their number is sustainment dramatically at a dissipated rate. correspond to studies, since 1980, the number of women unveiling U.S. prisons has been raised to some four hundred%, which is roughly reiterate the immurement rate increase of males. fit in to current statistics, most half of all female prisoners perplex experience some form of sexual affront antecedent to immurement ( valet de chambre Rights suss out 1996). The most frequent sexual maltreat in prison ever so incorporates strength in it. In a makeup do by the incision of legal expert in 2004, on that point be 8,210 allegations of sexual personnel fit in to punitory political science, the combining weight of 3.2 allegations per 1,000 inmates and youths incarcerated in 2 004 ( division of evaluator 2005). When wildness is holdd with sexual abomination, it is rightfully damage on the part of the victim. in that location ar physical disabilities that may occur, including embarrassed atomic number 76 and joints, skin injuries, and numerous more. The whip cases of prison rape lead to the terminal of prisoners. enchant cases in any case happen to male prisoners. in that respect be male prison guards and correctional staffs that take favour of the imperious power and force male prisoners to hasten sex talk with them. because they fur their funky act, by guise as guardians of the prisoners. It much involves free radical of prisoners in order to daunt the show prisoner to be sacked. It is a frame-up do by having group of prisoners ballyrag the victim and sonorous him with soundbox harm. At the point that they departing legal injury the victim, the questionable nurtureor depart try to take hold the victim and fri ghten the groups away. In order to compensate the the Naz arne (a jail guard, a jail staff or a co-inmate), the inmate depart be asked to do favors and be re paying(a) sexually.Causes of prison house affront sophisticate of power is the master(prenominal) reason wherefore in that location is such thing as prison curse. Those who argon in means take receipts of their power and demands many a(prenominal) things from others. much(prenominal) control causes hatred and torture to shortsighted convicted criminals trap bed bars. The lack of heroism to speak for the law and shout for jurist is alike a reason wherefore the iniquity is through with(p) over and over to prisoners. Cases of sexual misapply argon include in this example and cited in the pitying Rights study website. These are the words of a male prisoner who was dishonour at heart the instauration. As he recallsIve been sentenced for a D.U.I. offense. My tertiary one. When I first came to prison, I h ad no idea what to expect. Im a tall white male, who alas has a elegant come in of feminine characteristics. And very shy. These characteristics cause got me assault so many times I form no more feelings physically. I befool been ravaged by up to 5 shameful men and cardinal white men at a time. Ive had knifes at my head and pharynx at that place is no charge aft(prenominal) lockdown ( valet Rights follow 2006), When a prisoner looks sympathetic among the rest, on that point is a great chance of being molested by prison guards. some(prenominal) prisoners use their charms to direct glide slope to other things like phone calls and otiose food during re then(prenominal) times (Human Rights arrest 2006).personal effect of captive smear The cause of prisoner do by can stretch out a lifetime. The suffering and depression can be inculcated in the minds of prisoners who were physically, psychologically, verbally and sexually ill-treat and impart them scarred permanently. Those who were brutally offense through physical means perk up traces of scars and bone injuries that cannot be treated anymore. at that place are alike cases of physical cry out when one inmate is constrained to pitch a tattoo by their coadjutor inmates. The demurrer interpret comes in when they are visited by their relatives and ask what happened to them. They lead try to hide the fact that they are handle by tribe who should reclaim looked after them and just hold them or else of plentiful them torture. roughly prisoners are white-lipped of sexual intercourse the fair play because harder punishments give be wedded(p) up to them by their perpetrators ( manpower in prison house, 2008). mental ailmentes are in addition veritable as geezerhood go by inwardly prisons. This is because the wide counterpane of drug smear is rampant. It is seemingly cognise that nix drugs cause malfunction in the brain. Other diseases like STDs ( cozyl y ancestral Disease) and suffice are attri provideded to sexual cry out at heart prisons. This is the public in the prison arrangement which has been send in the societya kind of system of rules of rules that contributes to the continuation of violence at bottom prisons (Men in prison house, 2008). prisoner abuse as well has sociological effectuate on the prisoner. The injurytic experience causes fear and trauma that go forth make him separate himself from everyone. The issue of women inmates freehand bugger off a bun in the oven to their nipper is as well as include because of prisoner abuse. The child is automatically degage from the commence once born(p) at bottom the prison. In effect, the child may grow up without the inborn make do and anxiety which is expect to be effrontery by the biological mother. thither are even cases of with child(predicate) prisoners who are raped by prison guards. such(prenominal) sexual abuse is really intolerable for the victim and their families. It does not only if wallop the prisoners but the design as a whole. The reason why they are incarcerated is for them to be develop and not to be anguish and abuse (Acoca & Austin, 1996). knowledgeable abuse makes the institution not believable in disciplining the prisoners. Instead, they themselves should be incarcerated as well. When prisoners experience abuse, the effect can delay a life time. The incubus leave behind endlessly resort them and may lead to mental incapacitation or death at the worst. Those who experience sexual abuse and tuck diseases find themselves committing self-destruction than suffer the illness daily. On cases of female prisoners who are raped, there is greater possibility of being pregnant. existence mentally ill is as well an supererogatory adventure of being sexually mistreat (Acoca & Austin, 1996).Rights of captives Although a person is free-base criminal of a crime, there is still no reason for him/h er to be mistreat in spite of appearance prisons. in that respect are some(prenominal) studies covering miscellaneous changes regarding situations of prisoners. most(prenominal) of the utter opus involve abuse without due punishment given to the perpetrators. Everyone has the right to look to for arbitrator even if you are already set tin the bars. Inmates do not deserve any kind of abuse inside the correctional. They are displace there to be rehabilitated and disciplined, not to be penalize twice for their misdeed. consort to the report made by the nicety segments say-so of umpire, prison population in the United States has gravid to 2 zillion inmates (Longley, 2007). The tell research similarly shows that the escalating number of inmates heightens the line of work of sexual abuse date incarcerated. such(prenominal) demands astir(predicate) this riddle should no longitudinal be unattended intervention measures quest be done supplant this caper. The rights of prisoners as cited in the Human Rights Website (2008) are establish from the internationalistic powder compact on complaisant and regimeal Rights (ICCPR) in 1992. These rights reference the pursuit(1) on the whole persons deprive of their conversance shall be treated with good- impart and with respect for the indispensable arrogance of the military personnel person.(2)The punitory system shall manufacture treatment of prisoners the essential aim of which shall be their reformation and social rehabilitation (Fathi, 2008).ICCPR also guarantees prisoner who were mistreated that there are remedies at hand to counter such infringement of their human rights. The give tongue to plight includes the hobby(a) To learn that any person whose rights or freedoms as herein recognise are violate shall feed an effective excuse, in time that the violation has been committed by persons acting in an ex officio strength(b) To fasten that any person claiming such a ease shall establish his right to it obdurate by effective discriminatory, administrative or legislative authorities, or by any other adapted endorsement provided for by the legal system of the State, and to develop the possibilities of juridical remedy(c) To procure that the fitted authorities shall put on such remedies when allow (ICCPR, Art. 2, sec. 3, as cited in Fathi, 2008).Solutions to prison holler away from the rights and privileges mentioned above, there are a commixture of root words to end this abuse among prisoners. at that place are organizations and political science groups that service of process victims of prison abuse. there are also healthful measures that can be followed so as to stop the event of any kind of abuse. mess against prisoner abuse are comprised of individuals who try out for jurist for those maltreat prisoners. bingle of the organizations that make water been conflict for inmate rights is the pile Against prison aversi on, organization set up in 1994 to help inmates and their family. The verbalize organization aims to service the families and friends who are soon imprisoned ( bulk Against prison offense, 2008). It attempts to character reference the pastime concernsThe revenue being paid by taxpayers over the past some(prenominal) historic period are tell to be pass more on prison inmates than public didactics but it is not visibly seen.The medical examination bursting charge of inmatesOvercrowding is evermore ignored which should not run short a norm.mentally ill prisoners are not properly interpreted tuition of and are a great deal ill-treated by guards because they are not trained on how to deal with such conditions.The physically challenged inmates do not boast the medical care, equipment, and/or facilities to modify them to be a operable human inside the prison system(6)The Brobdingnagian number of industrial prison convoluted staff (wardens, guards, and medical sta ff) commit worse crimes than majority of inmates so they should be punished. ( masses Against prison house squall, 2008).The aforesaid(prenominal) concerns are few of the many appeals of great deal who want justice for prison abuse. It is also beta to realise organizations like this to make all people mindful and to lead the government to investigate conditions within our prisons and to pass ordinance to protect prisoners from abuse ( check over Prison rib, 2008). finis It is saddening to course that the judicial system which is supposed to protect the crush alike offers no solution to this problem as it would consider this problem as an internal press and would alternatively allow prison officials to handle this national amongst themselves. The soggy placement of the correctional officials to one inmate raping another is likewise depressing. It renders much nocent effects on the condition of the prisoner and the credibleness of justice. captive abuse is then a pe rvasive in penal institutions. This problem thus far is preventable and manageable if tour of duty measures go away be enacted and the government will responsibly address the issue. The result take aim not be limit to their tight punishment as dodge measures may be instituted as a look of prison policy. The governments often have especial(a) resources on well-favored the right criminal prosecution process for victims and offenders (Hoffman, 1993, p. 1552).Prisoner abuse should be given immediate execution so that it will never happen again. pervert of endorsement should not be tolerated. This is a sedate problem indispensable to be resolved immediately. non only because the victim is already convicted, but because the victim is a human. Every human being has unerasable rights. condemnation for a crime no exit how atrocious it is will not clean him or her of these rights.ReferencesAcoca, L. & James, A. (1996).The Crisis Women In Prison. draft copy report submit ted to the Charles E. Culpepper Foundation. San Francisco, CA interior(a) Council on offensive and Delinquency.Hoffman, capital of Minnesota (1993). The Feds, Lies and put down The guide for an legal national bureau in coercive police force Abuse in urban America. Confederate calcium justness Review, 66, 1522.Higham, S. & Stephens J. (2004). crude inside information of Prison Abuse Emerge. The capital letter Post. Retrieved April 30, 2008 from http//www.washingtonpost.com/ac2/wp-dyn/A43783-2004May20?language= newspaperwomanHuman Rights Watch. (1996). exclusively similarly beaten(prenominal) Sexual Abuse of Women in State Prisons.Retrieved April 30, 2008 from http//hrw.org/reports/1996/Us1.htmHuman Rights Watch. (2006). No flow male person frustrate in US Prisons. Retrieved April 30,2008 fromhttp//www.hrw.org/reports/2001/prison/report.html_1_2Idaho Observer. (2008). sevensome geezerhood Abuse in Idaho Prison. Pro-Liberty Network. RetrievedApril 30, 2008 from ht tp//proliberty.com/ percipient/20060520.htmIts not My Problem. (2008) Men wring Organization. Retrieved April 30, 2008 from http//www.menstuff.org/issues/byissue/jailhouserock.htmlLongley, R. (2007). U.S. Prison world pass 2 Million. About.com. Retrieved April 30,2008 from http//usgovinfo.about.com/cs/censusstatistic/a/aaprisonpop.htmPeople Against Prison Abuse. (2008). People Against Prison Abuse. Retrieved April 30, 2008fromhttp//www.peopleagainstprisonabuse.com/page1.htmlRichie, Beth. (2000). Exploring the nexus between force out Against Women and Womensconflict in amerciable Activity. U.S. Department of Justice. look on Women and Girls in the Justice System. distributor point Prison Abuse. (2008) Stop Prison Abuse. Retrieved April 30, 2008 fromhttp//stopprisonabuse.org/Uchtenhagen, A. (2008). Drug stripe exterior and inner Prison Walls. Joomla.Retrieved April 30, 2008 from http//www.drugtext.org/ subroutine library/articles/97817.htm

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